Research Publications (Engineering and Built Environment)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10321/215

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Revolutionizing eco-friendly concrete : unleashing pulverized oyster shell and corncob ash as cement alternatives for sustainable building
(Elsevier BV, 2025-7) Oyebisi, Solomon; Alomayri, Thamer
The utilization of Portland cement (PC) as a conventional binder in concrete production is not completely eco friendly, spurring research into finding a more ecologically friendly way to produce concrete. This study recycles waste materials such as corncob ash (CCA) and pulverized oyster shell (POS) as alternative binders at 5–15 wt% of PC for ternary blended concrete (TBC) production and tested for mechanical properties after 3–120 curing ages and durability performance after 120 days of immersion in 5 % of acidic and sulfate solutions. The embodied energy (EE) and global warming potential (GWP) of TBC compositions were analyzed within cradle-to-gate constraints, and the sustainability and economic indexes were evaluated. Microstructural characterization was performed on concrete samples after 28 curing ages. The results indicated that CCA and POS incorporation reduced TBC’s slump and early age strengths. However, the later age strengths were superior at 10 wt% CCA and POS replacement level with 1–8 %, 1–7 %, and 1–9 % increases in compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths after 28–120 curing ages compared to the control samples. Adding 10 wt% CCA and POS contents to TBC enhances its resistance to chemical attacks, reduces its EE and GWP by 19–25 % and 19–20 %, and increases its sustainability score and eco-strength efficiency by 25 and 17 % compared to the control concrete. Incorpo rating CCA and POS into the TBC mix contributes C-A-S-H for strength development. Ultimately, this study offers ecofriendly and durable concrete at 10 wt% CCA and POS substitution for sustainable building.
Risk exposure in recycled agro-industrial waste : radioactive sources and potential effects
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-4-1) Oyebisi, Solomon
Surveyed agricultural byproducts pose no radioactive risk. Most industrial byproducts studied pose radioactive risks. Agricultural and industrial byproducts are significantly influenced by 40K and 232Th.
Exploring the suitability of Bambusa Vulgaris Leaf Ash as a biomass filler in asphalt mixtures
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-1-1) Akinleye, Monsuru; Oyebisi, Solomon; Sathvik, S.; Salami, Lukman; Joseph, Oluwatoyin; Alomaja, Jonathan
Utilizing waste as alternative materials in asphalt production preserves natural resources and reduces environmental impacts. This study investigates the potential of Bambusa Vulgaris Leaf Ash (BVLA) as a potential biomass filler in place of conventional mineral filler, Powdered Quarry Dust (PQD), in producing asphalt mixtures. Dried Bambusa Vulgaris leaves were obtained locally and calcined at 600 °C for 2 h, generating BVLA. PQD was replaced with BVLA at 0–100 wt. %. The effects of BVLA filler on the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures were evaluated using Marshall Quotient (MQ) and indirect tensile strengths. Similarly, the durability of asphalt mixtures was assessed through moisture susceptibility (tensile strength ratio). The environmental impacts (embodied energy and global warming potential), sustainability score, and eco-strength efficiency of incorporating BVLA as a PQD alternative were evaluated using the cradle-to-gate boundary. The results revealed improved mechanical and durability properties with increased BVLA dosage in the asphalt mixtures. However, the optimum replacement level was found at 30 wt. % BVLA, resulting in 37.43, 22.22 and 22.39, and 4% higher MQ, wet and dry indirect tensile strengths, and tensile strength ratio compared to the control mixture (PQD-based asphalt mixture). With a 30 wt. % optimum BLVA dosage in the asphalt mixtures, the embodied energy and global warming potential decreased by 5 and 50%, while the sustainability score and eco-strength efficiency increased by 50 and 34%. These findings underscore the potential of BVLA to enhance pavement construction properties and promote sustainability.
A review on barrier properties of cellulose/clay nanocomposite polymers for packaging applications
(MDPI AG, 2023-12) Jali, Sandile; Mohan, Turup Pandurangan; Mwangi, Festus Maina; Kanny, Krishnan
Packaging materials are used to protect consumer goods, such as food, drinks, cosmetics, healthcare items, and more, from harmful gases and physical and chemical damage during storage, distribution, and handling. Synthetic plastics are commonly used because they exhibit sufficient characteristics for packaging requirements, but their end lives result in environmental pollution, the depletion of landfill space, rising sea pollution, and more. These exist because of their poor biodegradability, limited recyclability, etc. There has been an increasing demand for replacing these polymers with bio-based biodegradable materials for a sustainable environment. Cellulosic nanomaterials have been proposed as a potential substitute in the preparation of packaging films. Nevertheless, their application is limited due to their poor properties, such as their barrier, thermal, and mechanical properties, to name a few. The barrier properties of materials play a pivotal role in extending and determining the shelf lives of packaged foods. Nanofillers have been used to enhance the barrier properties. This article reviews the literature on the barrier properties of cellulose/clay nanocomposite polymers. Cellulose extraction stages such as pretreatment, bleaching, and nanoparticle isolation are outlined, followed by cellulose modification methods. Finally, a brief discussion on nanofillers is provided, followed by an extensive literature review on the barrier properties of cellulose/clay nanocomposite polymers. Although similar reviews have been presented, the use of modification processes applied to cellulose, clay, and final nanocomposites to enhance the barrier properties has not been reviewed. Therefore, this article focuses on this scope.
Analysis of particle variation effect on flexural properties of hollow glass microsphere filled epoxy matrix syntactic foam composites
(MDPI AG, 2022-11) Afolabi, Olusegun Adigun; Kanny, Krishnan; Mohan, Turup Pandurangan
Syntactic foam made from hollow glass microspheres (HGM) in an epoxy matrix has proven to be a good material with a strong structural strength. Understanding filler particle size variation is important in composite material formation, especially in syntactic foam, because of its numerous applications such as aerospace, marine, and structural purposes. In this present work, the effects of particle variation in different sizes (20-24 µm, 25-44 µm, 45-49 µm, and 50-60 µm) on the mechanical properties of the syntactic foam composites with a focus on flexural strength, modulus, and fracture surfaces are investigated. The particle sizes are varied into five volume fractions (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 vol%). The results show that the highest flexural strength is 89 MPa at a 5 vol% fraction of 50-60 µm particle size variation with a 69% increase over the neat epoxy. This implies that the incorporation of HGM filler volume fraction and size variation has a strong effect on the flexural strength and bending modulus of syntactic foam. The highest particle size distribution is 31.02 at 25-44 µm. The storage modulus E' increased at 30 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C by 3.2%, 47%, and 96%, respectively. The effects of wall thickness and aspect ratio on the size of the microstructure, the fracture surfaces, and the viscoelastic properties are determined and reported accordingly.
Processing of low-density HGM-filled epoxy-syntactic foam composites with high specific properties for marine applications
(MDPI AG, 2023-2) Afolabi, Olusegun Adigun; Mohan, Turup Pandurangan; Kanny, Krishnan
A solution casting approach is used to create hollow glass microsphere (HGM)-filled epoxy-syntactic foam composites (e-SFCs) by varying the concentrations of HGM in epoxy according to different particle sizes. Density analysis is used to investigate the impact of concentration and particle size regularity on the microstructure of e-SFCs. It was observed that e-SFCs filled with an HGM of uniform particle sizes exhibit a reduction in density with increasing HGM concentration, whereas e-SFCs filled with heterogeneous sizes of HGM exhibit closeness in density values regardless of HGM concentration. The variation in e-SFC density can be related to HGM packing efficiency within e-SFCs in terms of concentration and particle size regularity. The particle size with lowest true density of 0.5529 g/cm³, experimental density of 0.949 g/cm³ and tensile strength of 55.74 MPa resulted in e-SFCs with highest specific properties of 100.81 (MPa·g/cm³), with a 35.1% increase from the lowest value of 74.64 (MPa·g/cm³) at a true density of 0.7286 g/cm³, experimental density of 0.928 g/cm³ and tensile strength of 54.38 MPa. The e-SFCs' theoretical density values were obtained. The variance in theoretical and experimental density values provides a thorough grasp of packing efficiency and inter-particle features.
Systematic approach to sustainable urban development: reviewing challenges of informal settlements and peri-urban growth in sub-Sahara Africa
(Informa UK Limited, 2025-12-31) Olaniran, Temitope Olufolahan; Aule, Thomas Terna
This paper systematically reviews scholarly literature on informal settlements in peri-urban areas, with a focus on the interplay of socio-economic, environmental, governance, and built environment factors contributing to their emergence and persistence. Drawing on 10 studies across predominantly sub-Saharan African contexts, the review analyses core variables, methodological designs, theoretical frameworks, and geographical patterns. Findings reveal that socio-economic exclusion, weak institutional coordination, and dual land governance systems significantly drive informality. Customary and religious institutions often mediate land access and conflict resolution, compensating for gaps in statutory urban planning systems. Environmental risks such as poor sanitation, contaminated water sources, and inadequate waste management remain under-addressed. Notably, the review identifies a critical gap in existing research: the limited application of architectural, spatial planning, and design-based strategies for upgrading and integrating informal settlements into the formal urban fabric. Although incremental upgrading has been proposed as a viable intervention, few studies offer context-sensitive, design-led frameworks for implementation. This study calls for interdisciplinary, solution-oriented approaches that blend policy, governance, and architectural insights to ensure inclusive, sustainable urban development. Recommendations emphasise participatory upgrading, improved service delivery, and legal recognition of informal settlements. The findings are relevant for policymakers, planners, designers, and researchers committed to addressing urban informality in sub-Sahara Africa and beyond.
Navigating affordability challenges and opportunities in mixed-income housing: a case study of Cornubia in South africa
(Informa UK Limited, 2025-4-3) Olaniran, Temitope Olufolahan; Musvoto, Godfrey Gombana
This article offers a comprehensive exploration of the complex dynamics within the Cornubia mixed-income housing development. Positioned as a microcosm of challenges in creating sustainable living environments for affordable housing, the paper navigates through theoretical discussions to propose actionable strategies. The study employs a rigorous qualitative methodology rooted in a relativist perspective, utilizing semi-structured interviews, context-sensitive approaches, and local collaboration to delve into participants’ affordability challenges and the constraints/limitations of living in the Cornubia mixed-income housing. The findings, driven by the experiences of 254 low-income residents, illuminate two key themes on affordability: high living costs and affordable living in Cornubia. Findings highlight three factors that exacerbate high costs of living: Electricity, Water, and Transport. These multifaceted challenges underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions. In the context of sustainable development, the study identifies key areas for lasting impact, aligning with environmental sustainability and social equity goals.
Unraveling the root causes of low overall equipment effectiveness in the kit packing department: a Define–Measure–Analyze–Improve–Control
(MDPI AG, 2025-3-1) Mncwango, Bongumenzi; Mdunge, Zithobe Lisanda
Low Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) remains a critical challenge in manufacturing, affecting productivity and operational efficiency. This study investigates the persistent issue of low OEE in the kit packing department of a South African Original Equipment Manufacturer, where frequent downtime (DT) has resulted in OEE that is consistently below 60%. Using the Define–Measure–Analyze–Improve–Control (DMAIC) methodology, this research identifies the root causes of inefficiencies before implementing corrective actions. Data analysis revealed that material-related issues (84%) and manpower issues (15%) were the primary contributors to downtime. These inefficiencies led to equipment underutilization and financial losses due to production delays and overproduction of unnecessary kits. This study significantly enhances manufacturing efficiency by addressing these root causes, leading to reduced downtime and optimized machine usage. The financial benefits include substantial cost savings and improved resource utilization. The methodology and findings are applicable across various industries, contributing to the broader field of industrial engineering. The research highlights how misalignment between production planning and execution exacerbates inefficiencies. While this paper presents findings from the Define, Measure, and Analyze phases, the Improve and Control phases will follow in future work. The results provide a foundation for developing targeted interventions to enhance OEE and manufacturing performance.
Integrated energy storage systems for enhanced grid efficiency: a comprehensive review of technologies and applications
(MDPI AG, 2025-4-1) Areola, Raphael I.; Adebiyi, Abayomi A.; Moloi, Katleho
The rapid global shift toward renewable energy necessitates innovative solutions to address the intermittency and variability of solar and wind power. This study presents a comprehensive review and framework for deploying Integrated Energy Storage Systems (IESSs) to enhance grid efficiency and stability. By leveraging a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework, this study synthesizes techno-economic optimization, lifecycle emissions, and policy frameworks to evaluate storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries, pumped hydro storage, and vanadium flow batteries. The framework prioritizes hybrid storage systems (e.g., battery–supercapacitor configurations), demonstrating 15% higher grid stability in high-renewable penetration scenarios, and validates findings through global case studies, including the Hornsdale Power Reserve (90–95% round-trip efficiency) and Kauai Island Utility Cooperative (15,000+ cycles for flow batteries). Regionally tailored strategies, such as Kenya’s fast-track licensing and Germany’s H2Global auctions, reduce deployment timelines by 30–40%, while equity-focused policies like India’s SAUBHAGYA scheme cut energy poverty by 25%. This study emphasizes circular economy principles, advocating for mandates like the EU’s 70% lithium recovery target to reduce raw material costs by 40%. Despite reliance on static cost projections and evolving regulatory landscapes, the MCDA framework’s dynamic adaptation mechanisms, including sensitivity analysis for carbon taxes (USD 100/ton CO2-eq boosts hydrogen viability by 25%), ensure scalability across diverse grids. This work bridges critical gaps in renewable energy integration, offering actionable insights for policymakers and grid operators to achieve resilient, low-carbon energy systems.
A review of artificial intelligence applications in predicting faults in electrical machines
(MDPI AG, 2025-4-1) Habyarimana, Mathew; Adebiyi, Abayomi A.
The operational efficiency of many industrial processes is greatly affected by condition monitoring, which has become more and more important in the detection and forecast of electrical machine failures. Early identification of possible problems and prompt and precise diagnosis reduce unscheduled downtime, lower maintenance costs, and prevent catastrophic failures. Traditional human-dependent diagnostic techniques are changing as a result of advances in artificial intelligence (AI), opening the door to automated and predictive maintenance plans. This paper provides a detailed examination of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the prediction of electrical device failures, with a focus on techniques such as fuzzy systems, expert systems, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and complex machine-learning algorithms. These methods use both historical and present data to identify and predict problems and allow timely actions. The study looks at implementation challenges for AI-based diagnostic systems, including data dependencies, processing demands, and model interpretability, in addition to highlighting recent advances such as digital twins, explainable AI, and IoT integration. This review highlights the revolutionary potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in improving the sustainability, efficiency, and dependability of electrical machine systems, especially in the context of rotating machines, by addressing existing constraints and suggesting future research routes.
Renewable energy source utilization progress in South Africa: a review
(MDPI AG, 2024-7-1) Adebiyi, Abayomi A.; Moloi, Katleho
Renewable energy has emerged as a promising solution to address the challenges of climate change, energy security, and socio-economic development. South Africa, with its abundant renewable energy resources, has made significant strides in the utilization of renewable energy over the past decade. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the progress of renewable energy advancement in South Africa, examining the policies, initiatives, and achievements in various renewable energy sectors. This study explores the country’s transition from a heavily coal-dependent energy system to a diversified and sustainable energy mix. It analyses the growth of renewable energy technologies, such as wind power and solar photovoltaic (PV), highlighting the key milestones, challenges, and opportunities. Furthermore, this paper discusses the role of government support, regulatory frameworks, and private sector investments in driving renewable energy deployment in South Africa. Finally, it identifies the prospects and potential areas for further advancement in the renewable energy sector. This review aims to contribute to the understanding of South Africa’s renewable energy journey and provides valuable insights for policy-makers, researchers, and stakeholders involved in the sustainable energy transition.
Potentials for adopting sustainable mixed-income housing in African cities: a bibliometric and systematic review
(Informa UK Limited, 2024-12-31) Olaniran, Temitope Olufolahan; Musvoto, Godfrey Gombana; Aule, Thomas Terna
This paper offers an overview of mixed-income housing in African cities, emphasising its importance, challenges, and potential solutions. As urbanisation increases, mixed-income housing becomes crucial for addressing housing inequality, fostering social inclusion, and promoting sustainable urban development. However, its application in African contexts is under-researched. Through bibliometric analysis and systematic review, the study utilised VOSviewer to examine existing research, identifying publication trends, dominant themes, emerging trends, and mapping out research gaps of mixed-income housing in the African context. The study highlights geographical biases and calls for diverse research settings to understand mixed-income housing complexities across different African cities. The emerging trends further underscore the need for tailored policies, community integration, sustainable financing, and long-term impact assessments. However, gaps remain in understanding environmental sustainability, economic impacts, and community dynamics in mixed-income housing. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research, advocating interdisciplinary collaboration and mixed-method approaches to formulate a comprehensive strategic framework. Addressing these gaps can guide evidence-based policies to promote inclusive, sustainable mixed-income housing in African cities, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and fostering resilient urban futures.
Synthesising lean construction and building information modelling to improve the South African architecture, construction and engineering industries
(IEOM Society, 2020-12-10) Olaniran, Temitope Olufolahan; Pillay, Nischolan
The South African Architecture, Engineering and the Construction (AEC) industry falls victim to fragmentation of processes and lack of coordination amongst professionals. Therefore an urgent need to explore and embrace techniques, technologies and innovations reduces building cost, materials and time, while collaboration amongst professionals is enhanced. Building Information Modelling has shown promise to solve some of the problems associated with building design’s ineffectiveness and facilitates a more collaborative approach to project delivery. While Lean Construction can reduce waste and non-value added activities in a process. However, it is unclear how the two concepts straddled together can further improve efficiency in construction. Therefore, it is critical to determine the barriers and opportunities of combined systems. Various sources of literature reveal that several barriers affect the synergy between lean construction and building information modelling. This research uses a comprehensive literature review to gather data for analysis. Furthermore, the authors use their autoethnographic experience to synthesise factors contributing to the systems’ successes and failures in South Africa. Finally, a framework of strategies to synthesise lean construction and building information is created. This research will be necessary for researchers, practitioners, and other professionals to add to the body of knowledge in construction and information technology.
Exploring the aesthetic applications of expanded polystyrene: an interdisciplinary review
(Durban University of Technology, 2024) Awodi, Ene; Adewumi, Kehinde Christopher
Some researchers contend that repurposing and reuse of EPS for artistic and aesthetic purposes represents a meaningful step in addressing the environmental challenges associated with its widespread commercial and single-use applications. It is in line with this thought that this review paper seeks to explore the wide range of creative and aesthetic applications of polystyrene across various disciplines, shedding light on its versatility, aesthetics, and functional qualities. The purpose of the review is to ascertain the contribution of the creative field to environmental sustainability through the (re)use of EPS. Taking a qualitative route, this review of literature is guided by the following research questions: (a) What are the inherent properties and characteristics of EPS? (b) In what myriad aesthetic contexts have EPS found utility and application? (c) What are the key challenges associated with employing this material for artistic purposes? Given the difficulty that accompanies the recycling options for EPS, its use in art has become another avenue for extending the material’s end-of-life use. However, the paper found that while some artists contribute to the development of a green society by using discarded EPS in their art, others contribute to the problem by choosing to use virgin EPS for their art because of benefits such as the material’s lightweight, ease of carving, and cheapness. Therefore, this paper recommends that if artists must use EPS, then they should make it a point of duty to go for discarded EPS and other plastic wastes to help the environment.
Application of mine tailings sand as construction material : a review
(EDP Sciences, 2022-09-30) Ikotun, Jacob Olumuyiwa; Adeyeye, Rhoda; Otieno, Mike; Alexander, M.G.; Beushausen, Hans; Dehn, F.; Ndawula, J.; Moyo, Pilate
Abstract. Tailings are found during the exploration and processing of mineral ores. They contain a mixture of grounded rocks, processed effluent, and some trace elements that have the potential to damage the environment. Recent urbanisation has led to a large stockpile of tailings in many mining environment constituting health hazard. It becomes very important to develop disposal techniques that will reduce the huge mountain of tailings in mining environment. One of such method is the application of tailings in sustainable concrete production. It is shown that physical and chemical characteristics of tailings are comparable to crusher sand used in engineering construction and therefore, tailings can be used to partially replace sand in bituminous and concrete mixtures. In this review, specific interest has been given to iron, copper, and gold tailings, this is due to their dominance in mining areas of Kwa-Zulu Natal province of South Africa.
Maintenance strategy for peri-urban pedestrian infrastructure in Pietermaritzburg city
(Southern African Transport Conference, 2024-07-24) Marule, W. T.; Bashingi, N.; Chetty, A.; Adedeji, Jacob Adedayo; Honiball, J.
Socioeconomic factors, such as a high rate of unemployment and low income resulting in the inability to use public transport, coupled with the rising cost of living, have become core elements compelling pedestrians in peri-urban areas to opt for nonmotorized transport systems (NMTs). Peri-urban areas are nonurban locations directly adjacent to metropolitan areas that house a mixture of urban and rural populations, activities and infrastructure. Walking is one of the most sustainable modes of transport; it not only benefits the health and social interaction of users but also contributes positively to the environment by reducing the carbon footprint. However, the disregard of NMT infrastructure maintenance in most peri-urban areas in South Africa poses safety risks, forcing facility users to walk within roadways and possibly increasing the rate of pedestrian road accidents. A lack of maintenance further leads to defects such as uneven walkways, unsecured or broken manholes, malfunctioning traffic and streetlights, and missing road signs. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate and develop maintenance plans to enhance the existing infrastructure and ensure sustainable, accessible and safer transport systems. A mixed- method research approach involving exhaustive site surveys of selected pedestrian walkways in peri-urban to urban areas and further investigation of existing maintenance strategies is proposed. The results will provide critical insights into measures to improve pedestrian walkway accessibility in peri-urban areas. Subsequently, a robust conceptual framework for maintenance strategies for NMT infrastructures in peri-urban areas is proposed.
Essential parameters for strength-based service life modeling of reinforced concrete structures : a review
(2012) Ikotun, J. O.; Ekolu, S. E.
While there are a number of carbonation-induced service life models and extensive data that has been presented in the literature, most do not capture all the necessary parameters to allow their universal application to reinforced concrete structures. Results in the literature generally show an existence of a strong fundamental relationship between carbonation and compressive strength of concrete, but hardly any model has been successful in developing a universal functional relationship for service life prediction. It is often the case that models developed on the basis of a particular data set fail to apply when treated to another data from other authors. These issues indicate the underlying complexity of attempting to determine and emerge the empirical or mathematical functions capable of adequately capturing the key influential parameters affecting observed performance. In a critical review of literature, a variety of parameters in the strength-based models are compiled for a range of potentially plausible models and then examined. Specific interest has been given to models that account or have the potential to account for complex cementitious systems, various types of climates or field exposure conditions. It is found that there is potential to introduce robustness into few selected models that seem, from the literature examination, to closely relate to service life situations and/or needs in Sub-Saharan Africa, among other regions. © 2012 Taylor & Francis Group.
An optimized support vector machine for lung cancer classification system
(Frontiers Media SA, 2024-12-23) Oyediran, Mayowa O.; Ojo, Olufemi S.; Raji, Ibrahim A.; Adeniyi, Abidemi Emmanuel; Aroba, Oluwasegun Julius
Introduction Lung cancer is one of the main causes of the rising death rate among the expanding population. For patients with lung cancer to have a higher chance of survival and fewer deaths, early categorization is essential. The goal of this research is to enhance machine learning to increase the precision and quality of lung cancer classification.MethodsThe dataset was obtained from an open-source database and was utilized for testing and training. The suggested system used a CT scan picture as its input image, and it underwent a variety of image processing operations, including segmentation, contrast enhancement, and feature extraction.ResultsThe training process produces a chameleon swarm-based supportvector machine that can identify between benign, malignant, and normal nodules.ConclusionThe performance of the system is evaluated in terms of false-positive rate (FPR), sensitivity, specificity, recognition time and recognition accuracy.
Corrosion behaviour of mild steel in 0.5 M sulphuric acid media in the presence of potassium chromate
(2018-01-01) Omotosho, Olugbenga Adeshola; Okeniyi, Joshua Olusegun; Ikotun, Joshua Olumuyiwa; Loto, Cleophus Akintoye; Popoola, Abimbola Patric Idowa
This research investigates the behaviour of K2CrO4 on mild steel corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 at ambient temperature of 30'C. The study was conducted using weight loss and potentio-dynamic polarization measurements. Data were recorded from the weight loss tests while the readout from the potentiostat was documented. Adsorption studies were also carried out. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted using surface coverage against concentration plot to determine when the best surface would be obtained during the experiment. Results from the study revealed that inhibitor efficiency increased as inhibitor concentration increased. The potentio-dynamic polarization plot also identified the inhibition mechanism of action as mixed but predominantly anodic type inhibition with maximum Ecorr displacement of 68 mV. The adsorption of the inhibitor agrees with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm while the separation factor which is a component of the Langmuir expression showed a favourable adsorption. The Gibbs free energy of adsorption showed negative value (-9.8 kJ/mol) depicting a spontaneous process with a prevalence of physical adsorption. The first day curve showed the best surface coverage values across all inhibitor concentrations utilized.

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