The epidemiology of low back pain in male adolescent field hockey players in the eThekwini municipality

Abstract

Background: Field hockey is a popular international sport which is played in 132 countries across the world. Due to the nature of hockey, players repeatedly perform a combination of forward flexion and rotational movements of the spine in order to strike the ball. These movements have been shown to increase the risk for pain and injury to the lumbar spine. Due to the popularity of the sport of field hockey more empirical randomised controlled studies and/or observational studies need to be conducted to determine the pathomechanics of the nature of lower back pain and injury among players. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and incidence of low back pain in male adolescent field hockey players; to determine the characteristics of the low back pain in terms of location, chronicity, disability and treatment sought; and to determine the selected risk factors (demographics, equipment, health and lifestyle) of low back pain in male adolescent field hockey players. Method: A descriptive study of cross-sectional design, using a survey data collection tool was used on 112 male adolescent field hockey players in the eThekwini Municipality. The questionnaire data were then statistically analysed using IBM SPSS version 25 with statistical significance set at p value <0.05. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, or median and inter-quartile range were used to summarise responses to continuous variables as appropriate. Categorical variables were described using frequency tables. Associations between risk factors and low back pain were tested using Pearson’s chi square test and t-tests as appropriate. Results: A total of 68 participants completed and returned their questionnaires yielding a participation rate of 60.7%. The period prevalence of low back pain was 63.2% and the incidence was 38.2%. Point prevalence at the beginning of the season, mid-season, and end of season was 25%, 32.4% and 22.1% respectively. The most common location for low back pain was the middle low back region (39.5%), and the most common duration of pain was a few hours (32.6%). Most participants (79.1%) did not classify their pain as a disability, and only 44.2% of participants received medical treatment for their low back pain. The results were found to be statistically significant between hydration and low back pain (p = 0.050) i.e. those individuals who did not hydrate frequently during matches and training were significantly more likely to experience low back pain. Conclusion: Low back pain in male adolescent field hockey players is a common phenomenon. The results of this study, although limited to a select group of adolescents, showed a slightly higher prevalence of LBP to that of previous studies. More importantly, even though most participants did not experience low back pain classified as a disability, low back pain still had a large impact on participants, as nearly half of participants consulted with a medical professional for treatment. The study further indicates the need for frequent hydration during matches and training as inadequate hydration was found to be significantly related to low back pain. We highlight this as a novel finding and recommend special consideration to this by athletes and coaches. Moreover, the need for the development of strategies in the prevention and management of low back pain in field hockey is further recommended.