A cross-sectional study on the use of traditional, complementary, and alternate medicine amongst pregnant women in the eThekwini District

Abstract

Traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TCAM) is widely used during pregnancy, yet little is known about its scope and determinants within South African contexts. This study examined the frequency, influencing factors, and types of TCAM used by pregnant women in the eThekwini District. Reported usage ranged between 66% and 99%, with natural products such as vitamins, probiotics, and herbs, as well as mind-body practices including massage and meditation, being the most common. A cross-sectional design was employed, focusing on pregnant women accessing maternal healthcare services within the district. The study analysed predisposing, enabling, and need-related variables shaping TCAM use. Findings revealed that cultural beliefs, spiritual practices, family influence, health-related anxieties, and preferences for autonomy and holistic care were major drivers. Structural challenges within conventional healthcare, including medication shortages, financial barriers, and access difficulties, also contributed to reliance on TCAM. Importantly, TCAM use was observed across socio-demographic groups, including women with higher education, reflecting the persistence of cultural and health beliefs beyond formal training. The study concludes that while traditional African remedies remain culturally significant, there is an emerging trend towards integrative care models that blend TCAM with biomedical approaches, motivated by safety and holistic concerns. Recommendations include advancing nursing research, incorporating TCAM screening into maternal healthcare, fostering interprofessional collaboration, developing policy frameworks, and raising public awareness to promote safe and informed use.